Things Fall Apart 4 Essay - 985 Words

Things Fall Apart nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart describes the flaws and struggles of one proud mans tragic life. The main character Okonkwo is a strong and proud warrior with great reputation in the village of Umofia. However, he is a man that struggles with the fear of failure and uncontrollable anger. Okonkwos motivations, ways of acting and behavior in crisis prevent him from achieving what he wants, leading to his self-destruction. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Okonkwo is motivated for his desire of wealth and recognition. The wealth of a man in Umofia is measure by yams, size of the farm and number of wives. Okonkwo did not inherit any land or yams to start building up a farm. Okonkwo needs so†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Okonkwos habitual ways of acting is dominated by violence and anger. He rules his compound with heavy hand; his wives and children feared his fiery temper. Most villagers have great respect for him, but they are annoyed by his brusqueness in dealing with less successful people. His suppressed uncontrollable anger most often finds outlets; it is very common for him to beat heavily his wives for any motive. For instance, during the week of peace, his youngest wife, who did not cook the afternoon meal on time, provoked Okonkwos justifiable anger. He beats her very heavily; in his anger, he had forgotten that it was the sacred week. As a result, Okonkwo is punished, as is the custom by Ezeani, the priest of the earth goddess. People in the village said his good fortune had gone to his head and he had no respect for the gods of the clan. His lack of patience toward his son Nwoye made their relationship based on fear instead of love and respect. Okonkwo wants his son to be a successful farmer and a great man, therefore he encourages him by telling masculine stories and by letting him know that was right to be masculine and to be violent. However, Nwoye preferred his mothers stories, so, Okonkwo saw too much of his father in him. Okonkwo assigns mans tasks to Nwoye, but always finds faults in his efforts to do them right, therefore,Show MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pagesthat response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s à ¢â‚¬ËœThings fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the following essay I will be discussing why Achebe wrote the novel Things Fall apart in English and what messages he was trying to reveal,Read MoreStudy And Investigation Questions On Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart 871 Words   |  4 PagesGeography 101 Name _______________________ Spring 2016 Things Fall Apart Study and Investigation Questions (post to the D2L page, turn in one copy at the beginning of class, save one copy for yourself) What are the farthest northern, western, eastern, and southern points in Nigeria as described in absolute terms? (4 absolute locations [estimate to nearest degree], 2 coordinates each) Find and note the same for the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (Estimate to the nearest degree usingRead MoreA Study on the Author, Chinua Achebe 1467 Words   |  6 Pagesconverted from their religion to Christianity and he also founded the first church in Ogidi. Achebe enthusiasm for knowing about the west and east part of the world led to him mentioning it in most of his novels. Some of these novels include things fall apart, no longer at ease and arrow of god respectively. When Achebe was young, he surpassed at the government’s college in umuahia and the same time at Ibadan University where he begin to study medicine. He didn’t continue because during hisRead MoreConflicts And Struggles Of Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart990 Words   |  4 PagesThings Fall Apart Essay Conflicts and struggles in a book help capture the reader s attention. A reader is always has his or her eye out for the struggles a character throughout a book because that is the part of the book that captures the reader s attention. Although, it is not always about the struggle and conflict, but the optimism the character feels whenever something goes wrong. A reader also wants to be assured that the character will look for the bright side in the situations and theRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1702 Words   |  7 Pages Title: Things Fall Apart Biographical information about the author: Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He had an early career as a radio host, and later became the Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria. After moving to America, he became an English professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Achebe has won numerous awards for his poetry and fiction, including the Man Booker prize and Commonwealth Poetry Price. He currently teaches at Bard College. Author: ChinuaRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1129 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone can say is to â€Å"Be a Man.† As Carlos Gomez once stated, â€Å"So many men in this world (are) living in this sort of quiet desperation, confined in this box of toxic masculinity.† In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, some characters are the epitome of this toxic masculinity. Things Fall Apart shows the dimension of both Igbo people and culture, while highlighting the tale of a tragic hero, Okonkwo. Okonkwo’s rise to glory was demonstrated by his humble beginnings and eye for prosperityRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreChanging the Tradition: The Influence of Colonization on Umuofia885 Words   |  4 Pages Changing the Tradition: The Influence of Colonization on Umuofia In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe exercises the importance of traditions in an Ibo village of Nigeria. Africa is very well known for their long history, dating back to two million years ago, and their ancient ethnic customs have lived on since (â€Å"African History†). Unlike families from a rich white society, African families are usually required to live the traditions that have been survived through many generations, even if theyRead MoreAn Exploration of Proverbs in Things Fall Apart by Achebe Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesexpresses a truth or belief (Proverb). â€Å"Proverbs are the palm oil with which words are eaten (Achebe 7), and they enhance the meaning of all the conversations. â€Å"A proverb is [basically] a short sentence based on long experience† (. In Things Fall Apart, proverbs are mainly used in the development of the important characters. Through proverbs used in character development, Achebe shows the distinct similarities and differences between the protagonist, Okonkwo, and two other important charactersRead MoreMasculinity: Slavery in the United States and Douglass Pg1239 Words   |  5 PagesGloria Kissiedu World Literature 207 29 November 2011 Masculinity Things Fall Apart was written in the 1890s, when whites went to Nigeria. The novel shows the clash between the white s and the culture of the Igbo people. The novel is about a man named Okonkwo, and his growth for respect, fortune and power which in the end leads to his expected death. His great power did not come to an end because of colonization, but rather his downfall was his obsession with masculinity. The narrative of Frederick

A Feminist and Post-Colonial Analysis of Anowa by Ama Ataa...

My favourite text is a play titled â€Å"Anowa† by Ama Ataa Aidoo which was published in year 1969. This book was first given to me by my father on my twelfth birthday. Although I was disappointed initially because I was expecting something â€Å"girly† on my birthday, I liked it when I read it because of the moral lessons it portrayed and the language used in the play. However, I got a deeper understanding of the test after I did a post-colonial and a feminist analysis on the text. In my post-colonial analysis, I saw that in a sense Anowa represents the beauty of the formal African society which was destroyed as a result of colonialism. A feminist analysis on the other hand shows that Anowa is a woman who is struggling against the 1870’s African†¦show more content†¦Right from the beginning of the play, we can see Kofi mimicking the white man’s way of proposing to a woman. He proposed directly to Anowa instead of allowing his parents do that. As he began trading with the white men, he embraced and incorporated the practices of the colonial communities. For instance he traded in skin, with a multitude of slaves who worked for him just like how the whites did, his room was also decorated like the British style of room decoration and as if that was not enough, he again hung a picture of himself next to a picture of Queen Victoria. Kofi virtually adopted the ways of the foreigners and after all the mimicry, the old man in the end said that Kofi was, is, and shall always be one of us† (p25). This teaches me that, no matter how a person tries to be like another, he can never change who he really is. The blacks will always be blacks and whites will always be whites. Feminism can be defined as a recognition and critique of male supremacy combined with efforts to change it (Melanie Lord, n.d.). In a feminist analysis of the play, Anowa can be seen as the â€Å"Other† among all the female characters in the text where Other means a shift from what society describes as womanhood or feminine. Anowa’s behavior is in contrast with the traditional roles assigned to women in that society. From childhood, Anowa has been different from all her peers. As a child she is expected to be humble and obedient

Buddhism Worksheet Free Essays

Economic, soical, and Political changes Marlisa Brown HUM/114 October 4, 2012 Gene Smille University of Phoenix Material Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Agricultural Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors that contributed to the agricultural revolution in Europe? Answer: The three important factors were the warmer temperature, the three-field system, and better farming equipment. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhism Worksheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example. Answer: The new found, more productive way of farming in Europe reduced the need of manual laboring workers, eliminating many jobs on farm lands creating coil mining jobs to help power the machines. Industrial Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors that contributed to the industrial revolution in Europe? Answer: The large population, capital, and the people with scientific knowledge, and entrepreneurial skills were among the social, and economic factors that helped make the industrial revolution. . Describe working conditions in factories and mines between 1800 and 1850. What was life like for a typical worker? Reference at least one primary source to support your response. Answer: Working in factories and mines were very dangerous because a lot of deadly accidents happened, like when coal was brought in buckets to the surface, and children helped in the mines they had to work in the dark because some fa milies were too poor for candle light. Western Social Change Between 1815 and 1914 Write 2 or 3 sentences per concept about how each of the following changed in Western society between 1815 and 1914: 1. Romanticism: Napoleon was the Emperor; Napoleon had large armies, which consisted of peasants and workers. Napoleon decided to give them a geographic lesson by crisscrossing the continent in Europe. 2. The role of women: Western society believed that the women role was to retire from work and take care of their family and husband at home. Younger women had to work to help around the house of their parents, and then marry in their later years. 3. Science: In 1848, due to political failures of idealism, science had a new look on disillusioned Europeans. The scientific discovery was not great, but was a great find for technical applications. 4. Realism: Art and literature was a rejection of romantic idealism and subjectivity, political failures of the post-1848 era characterized a wide array of artistic and literary endeavors. Western Political Change Between 1815 and 1870 Write 2 or 3 sentences per concept about how each of the following changed in Western society between 1815 and 1914: 1. Liberalism: abolished the slave trade in the British Empire. Finally, in 1833, the slave trade was abolished and lots of money was paid back in Caribbean to the owners of the British plantation. 2. Conservatism: In 1819, started the Carlsbad decrees, which tried to eliminate national sentiments that came upon the Napoleonic period. The Germans approved decrees against free speech and civil liberties. 3. Kulturekampf: the Kulturkampf began in 1871, escalated sharply until 1878, and then gradually wound down until its end in 1887. 4. The Communist Manifesto: Communist Manifesto is a statement that is by Marxism. Communist Manifesto was mistaken of future development of capitalism. 5. Realpolitik: Bismarck was the supreme practitioner of Realpolitik, this was during realistic politicians age. â€Å"Realpolitik meant that statesmen had to think in terms of military capability, technological dominance, and the acceptable use of force. † How to cite Buddhism Worksheet, Papers

Generation System for the Allsports Sport Club-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Generation System for the Allsports Sport Club. Answer: Introduction The report was aimed for forming an effective report generation system for the Allsports Sport Club. The report would be helpful in formation of the concise development of the effective reports generation system for the organization (Schwalbe, 2015). The improvement of the system for report generation would form the improved processes. The system was developed for combining the improved processes of the organization and it would form the supportive formation of the report generation for members, newsletter and advertisers. The report had been developed for ensuring the improved operations for forming the sufficient processes of the integration of activities of Allsports Sport Club organization. The project schedule would be formed for evaluating the improvement of the operations and it had resulted in operational processes. The objectives of the project are used for the development of the system of report generation and it had involved the deployment of the efficient and smart processing for the Allsports Sport Club. The objectives of the project can be summarized into the following points, To implement a project plan for the development of the effective and smart processing of the project operations To form the advanced and automatic report generation system for the implementation of the record keeping system for Allsports Sport Club To complete the project in the estimated time and budget duration for ensuring the success for the project completion Approach to Systems Development Existing System of Allsports Sport Club The Allsports Sport Club is developed for the development of the implied processes of the implication model. The existing system of Allsports Sport Club includes the development of the newsletter and it would engage the expansion of the improved services for the organization. The newsletter would be developed for the implication of the existing system and formation of the effective processes. The system development would include the printing of the improved processes and operations. The deployment of the facilities would deploy the operation management for the operations. The use of spread sheets and word processor would help in deploying the effective and smart processing for the reports. However, some newsletter were not published in time and the organization had to face major issues in forming the uncanny operational issues of Allsports Sport Club. The current facility is complicated and consumes a considerable amount of time for the generation of the reports and activities. Proposed system for Allsports Sport Club The proposed system would be formed for the storing of the details of the members such as the full address, name, contact number, email addresses, and the sports they play. The news letter would be published for the integration of the system integration and development. The file would be developed for forming the document file for the deployment of the final reports and it would be formed for the integration of the improved operations for the organization. The details for identifier would be advertised for the subject of the advertisement. The improved system would help in generating the report list of the members and sports, upcoming newsletter, list of members with emails, list of members without emails, and upcoming advertisements to be published in newsletter Systems Requirements Functional Requirements The functional requirements of the project of Report Generation System for Allsports Sport Club would be based on technical requirements and human resources (Khan et al., 2016). The functional requirements are, System Design: The system design is the primary requirement for the development of the system for report generation of Allsports Sport Club. It would help in forming the accurate structure for the deployment of the system and its functionalities with integration of the operations of Allsports Sport Club. Database: The development of the database is very important for ensuring that the functions of the project would be carried on successfully. The system would require the storage database for keeping the format of the reports and the required data all stored in the single platform. Platform for System: The system would be required to run on multiple platforms and with multiple users for ensuring the smooth operations of Allsports Sport Club. The club requires the generation of report list of the members and sports, upcoming newsletter, list of members with emails, list of members without emails, and upcoming advertisements to be published in newsletter. Hardware and Software components: The hardware and software components would be required for integrating the existing facilities for the formation of the improved functions. The components like storage disks, software and other components would be responsible for the project completion. Non functional requirements The non functional requirements of the project of implementing Report Generation System for Allsports Sport Club are, Effective Report Structure Compatible system platform Paper sheets for report Training manuals for users Project Cost Benefit Analysis The cost benefit analysis had shown the use of the speculation and calculation for the cost value deployment. The Allsports Sports Club would be responsible for the development of the improved functions with the help of report generation system. The cost benefit analysis had shown that the net economic benefit would be $36,000.00 from the end of year one. The PVs of benefit for year 1 to year 5 are $33,840.00, $31,680.00, $29,520.00, $27,360.00, and $25,200.00. The NPV calculations have shown that the NPV of All Benefits is $33,840.00, $65,520.00, $95,040.00, $122,400.00, and $147,600.00. The onetime costs for the project is $60,000.00 and the recurring cost for the project $14,440.00. The NPV of all Benefits is $60,000.00, $73,536.00, $86,208.00, $98,016.00, $108,960.00, and $119,040.00. The calculated NPV is $28,560.00 and the ROI is 0.24. The break even analysis had shown the break even fraction to be approx 0.18 and the Actual Break Occurred at 3.18 years. Allsports Sports Club Report Generation System Year of Project Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Net economic benefit $0.00 $36,000.00 $36,000.00 $36,000.00 $36,000.00 $36,000.00 Discount rate @ 6% 1 0.94 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.7 PV of benefits 0 $33,840.00 $31,680.00 $29,520.00 $27,360.00 $25,200.00 NPV of All Benefits $0.00 $33,840.00 $65,520.00 $95,040.00 $122,400.00 $147,600.00 $147,600.00 One Time Costs $60,000.00 Recurring Costs $0.00 $14,400.00 $14,400.00 $14,400.00 $14,400.00 $14,400.00 Discount rate @ 6% 1 0.94 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.7 PV of Recurring Costs $0.00 $13,536.00 $12,672.00 $11,808.00 $10,944.00 $10,080.00 NPV of all Benefits $60,000.00 $73,536.00 $86,208.00 $98,016.00 $108,960.00 $119,040.00 $119,040.00 Overall NPV $28,560.00 Overall ROI= 0.24 Break Even Analysis Yearly NPV cash flow $60,000.00 $20,304.00 $19,008.00 $17,712.00 $16,416.00 $15,120.00 Overall NPV cash flow -$60,000.00 -$39,696.00 -$20,688.00 -$2,976.00 $13,440.00 $28,560.00 Project Break Even Occurs between the year 3 and 4 Break even Fraction= 0.18 Actual Break Occurred at 3.18 years Table 1: Table Caption Add your Project Cost Benefit Analysis table here. Project Schedule FIGURE 1: Work Breakdown Structure The project schedule had been developed by considering the agile development methodology. The Report System Generation for Allsports project would be divided into six phase namely project initialization, project planning, designing the system, system development, system implementation and training, and final documentation. The project initialization includes the development of the initiation documents, collecting required information and data, and hardware and software assemblance. The project planning includes the feasibility analysis, development of risk plan, formation of the work plan, and reviewing the work plan. The designing the system includes the report generated structure is formed, structured database is developed, list of the report types is included, interface for the system is designed, and design is tested by digital prototyping. The system development includes the analysis using system requirements, aligning system design and operations, coding the system functions, p rogramming of the operations within the system, database integration, testing the application system, and functionality testing. The system implementation and training includes the application platform is selected, system application is deployed, all exterior components are installed, creation of user manual, and training is given to users. The final documentation includes the making final documents for the project, submitting the documents, signing off the document, and the project ends with its closure. FIGURE 2: Gantt Chart System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques Stakeholders The project of implementing Report Generation System of Allsports Sport Club would require the following stakeholders, Client: President of the Allsports Sport Club Sponsors: Allsports Sport Club Finance Accountant Project Team: Documenter, Analyst, System Engineer, Planner, Project Manager, Designer, Database Developer, Tester, Coder, Programmer, and Trainer Users: Members of Allsports Sport Club Investigation Techniques According to Chen et al. (2014), the project requirement investigation techniques for the Report Generation System would include the Online Survey Questionnaire, Reports and Documents, and Personal Interviews. Online Survey Questionnaire: The online survey would form the collection of the data from number of people and users of the system Reports and Documents: The old reports and documents had been helpful for forming the accurate and improved processes by reviewing the data and records stored. Personal Interviews: The individual interviews would also help in developing an understanding of the operation and development. Conclusions The study had helped me in understanding the improved processes of the project operations for the project titled Report Generation System. The use of the case study of Allsports Sport Club would help in forming the improved processes for forming the deployment of the system development. The study had formed for making us realize the concepts of the project investigation techniques and system analysis. It can be concluded from the report that the project development requires the improvement of the operations for forming the successful project completion. The designing the system includes the report generated structure is formed, structured database is developed, list of the report types is included, interface for the system is designed, and design is tested by digital prototyping. The system development includes the analysis of system requirements, aligning system design and operations, coding the system functions, programming the system operations, database integration, testing the application system, and functionality testing. References Ameller, D., Ayala, C., Cabot, J., Franch, X. (2013). Non-functional requirements in architectural decision making.IEEE software,30(2), 61-67. Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Chen, F., Peldszus, S., Peiris, R. H., Ruhl, A. S., Mehrez, R., Jekel, M., ... Huck, P. M. (2014). Pilot-scale investigation of drinking water ultrafiltration membrane fouling rates using advanced data analysis techniques.Water research,48, 508-518. Chen, M., Tan, T. H., Sun, J., Liu, Y., Dong, J. S. (2014, May). Veriws: a tool for verification of combined functional and non-functional requirements of web service composition. InCompanion Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 564-567). ACM. Goknil, A., Kurtev, I., van den Berg, K. (2016, November). A rule-based approach for evolution of AADL models based on changes in functional requirements. InProccedings of the 10th European Conference on Software Architecture Workshops(p. 10). ACM. Jansen, R. H., Brown, G. V., Felder, J. L., Duffy, K. P. (2015). Turboelectric aircraft drive key performance parameters and functional requirements. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Khan, S., Babar, M., Khan, F., Arif, F., Tahir, M. (2016). Collaboration Methodology for Integrating Non-Functional Requirements in Architecture.the Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences (JAEBS),6, 63-67. Larson, E. W., Gray, C. (2013).Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Li, F. L., Horkoff, J., Mylopoulos, J., Guizzardi, R. S., Guizzardi, G., Borgida, A., Liu, L. (2014, August). Non-functional requirements as qualities, with a spice of ontology. InRequirements Engineering Conference (RE), 2014 IEEE 22nd International(pp. 293-302). IEEE. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers Essay Example

Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers Essay The common framework of journalistic ethics that is being adopted by radio, television and newspaper associations is a fair and balanced one. Having said so, adhering to such guidelines are not without challenges. The rest of this essay will try to demonstrate why these ethical guidelines are difficult to implement in a media atmosphere dominated by private and political power. One of the basic premises under which all journalists compile their reports is the fact-checking aspect of their information. In other words, testing the accuracy of the information being reported and taking efforts to make sure that no mistake is incurred due to oversight. In reality however, there are systemic challenges to adhere to this principle. Given that most of the media coverage revolves around information released by government spokespersons, the veracity of the information given cannot be easily verified. For one thing, it is implicitly accepted that any message from government sources is an authentic and accurate one. To question or suspect elected representatives and authorities is not natural to many journalists. Hence, there are practical difficulties in implementing this particular code of journalistic ethic. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in ethics codes of TV, Radio and Newspapers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Further in the code of ethics one finds mention of separating the two distinct functions of news media, namely editorial opinions and factual news reports. The former is an area of subjective judgment and opinion while the latter is supposed to be objective and factual. While this dichotomy is more relevant to the print media, it is also applicable to the radio and television news media as well. Maintaining this dichotomous separation is easier said than done. What one finds in reality though is the imprint of the editorial policies on the process of selecting stories to report. A factual report is not in and of itself a neutral and objective one. Editorial pressures usually decide which stories are picked and which are left. Hence, under the apparent disguise of objectivity and factuality there can be an ideological thrust, which can serve against the interests of the common consumer of the particular news media, be it radio, television or newsprint. Another area of consensus that journalists from various mediums have agreed upon is in the judicious choice of facts and photographs that is published or shown in their reports. This code was accepted on the grounds that blatant truth can sometimes offend or hurt the sentiments of certain communities. But the flip side of this argument is the subtle â€Å"censorship† that this subjects journalists to. A recent case in point is the directive from the government of the United States to all broadcasting houses to not publish or show pictures of coffins of dead soldiers being transported back home. The rationale was that such a display would affect the morale and confidence of the family members and other fellow soldiers presently in Iraq. But the sad fact is that most of the American public does not have a clear grasp of the number of American casualties in war as a result of this policy. While this editorial obedience did succeed in keeping the minds of family members of t he marines less gloomy, it inadvertently distorted the reality of the ongoing war. In the end, the truth should be put forth to the public for effective functioning of democracy. Hence the code of ethic in this case is subversive to democratic principles. The association of journalists has pledged to act independently, without taking orders from the powers that be. While theoretically this is a sound ethical standpoint, it seldom translates into quality journalism. The fact of the matter is most of the mainstream media organizations are dependent on advertisers, be it radio, television or newspapers for their revenue. In this context, reports and analysis that are adversarial to promoting consumerism will never be acceptable for the business community. Hence, the journalism will inevitably suffer. The only way of mitigating these constraints on quality journalism, one would suppose, is to promote subscriber supported news media as opposed to an advertiser supported one. Things are already looking up in this regard. Alternative radio channels are already on the rise; and it is only a matter of time before television and newspapers catch up with it. This would revolutionize the way news is perceived and consumed. But, till then , the shortcomings inherent in the present media setup will thwart all efforts toward ethical journalism. Accountability is another key tenet that is part of the code of ethics. Being accountable to the viewers, listeners, etc has been emphasized as a core virtue for genuine journalism. But unfortunately, even in a country as politically advanced as the United States, the legislative framework of media operations is not sophisticated enough. In a true democratic setup one would expect that the laws more in favor of the general population as opposed to the business interests. But the laws in place are essentially the ones that give protection to the media conglomerates and to an extent make them not liable for their journalistic digressions. Hence, such an atmosphere does not force media houses to promote ethical journalism. Finally, keeping in mind the growing phenomenon of undercover journalistic operations, the body of journalists has tried to stem this tide through the adoption of principles against this form of news gathering. But, this pledge to curb undercover journalism comes at a time when tabloid and paparazzi supported news gathering has become rampant in the mainstream media scene. While the ethical stance of the journalists in this regard might be an earnest one, it is a very challenging proposition to put an end to gossip mongering and paparazzi photographing of celebrities and other headline makers. It is also an acknowledged fact that the general quality of mainstream media, be it electronic or print, has seen deterioration in the post Second World War period. Hence, implementing the code of ethics is going to be a very tough if not an impossible task for the well meaning journalists. The only way in which some palpable change for the better can happen is if the code of ethics is taken seriously the owners of media organizations. In other words, the initiative for ethical news broadcast has to be a top-down one as opposed to a bottom-up effort. Herein lays the only hope for the revival of the noble tradition that is associated with journalism. Bibliography: Simon Dumencio, The Media Guy; Revealed: My ethics policy (and Brangelina quota).(MediaWorks).. Advertising Age 76.26 (June 27, 2005): p46. THE PERP WALK; Watching executives climb the courthouse steps became a spectator sport in 2002.Business Week 3815 (Jan 13, 2003): p86. UNDER FIRE; These execs, too, are embroiled in a range of investigations.Business Week 3815 (Jan 13, 2003): p87. MATTHEW GRIMM, False consciousness.(ethics of marketing, media businesses). Brandweek 42.25 (June 18, 2001): p30. Here is the news.(mass media ethics).Michael Bugeja. The Ecologist 37.7 (Sept 2007): p18-19. Media Ethics and Accountability Systems, (Book Reviews)., Marion Pinsdorf. Public Relations Review 28.1 (Feb 2002): p132(2). EDITORIAL: Enforcement key to ethics protocol.(World PR Festival and ethics U.K.).PR Week (UK) (June 27, 2003): p08.

Effects of Haussmanns Renovation of Paris essays

Effects of Haussmann's Renovation of Paris essays The city of Paris is currently the most visited city in the world, attracting people from all corners of the Earth to marvel in both the physical and intangible beauty of the City of Light. Paris' current infamy as a romantic, idealized city is due mostly to the ambition of Georges-Eugne Haussmann, a French civic planner of the 1860's who brought the vision of then emperor Louis-Napolon Bonaparte to reality. Together, these two men underwent the massive renovation of the city of Paris to highlight the imperial extravagance of the physical city and to make necessary infrastructural changes to the urban space. Ultimately, Haussmann's renovation of Paris highlighted monuments, changed and cleaned up the streets and revolutionized the dynamic of the city to increase the quality of life for Parisians for centuries to come. While many of the changes made to Paris were Napolon's ideas, it was Georges- Eugne Haussmann who is responsible for actually making them happen. In Adolphe Yvon's painting1 of Haussmann and Napolon, the relationship between the two men is seen as equal. This is unusual for art of this time period, for the king or emperor of the time is most often glorified above others in the work of art. While Napolon is certainly not represented poorly, the two men are still represented as equals, likely a more accurate representation of the roles they played opposite each other in the process of the city's renovation. Haussmann's enthusiasm for the undertaking is also represented in the painting. Haussmann is eagerly looking at the emperor as he leans in toward him confidently across the table. He seems very ready to do his bidding and focused on the massive project ahead of them. Napoleon's plans focused many changes around immortalizing the physical examples of the imperial nature of his city. Haussmann recognized the rise of automobiles and increasing traffic levels when design...

The Philosophy of St. Augustine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Philosophy of St. Augustine - Essay Example As such, St. Augustine himself brought the ‘City of God’ to proposition, synthesizing conception of justice and state under Plato’s theory or that it occurs rather disposed to resemble it. Since ‘justice’ is an entity on which the ‘state’ must be founded, its presence is essential in determining how a good kingdom is like or should be. For St. Augustine, the applicability of justice in this sense may be extended to the measure of happiness for the ruler within a state or kingdom. He concretizes moreover: â€Å"For neither do we say that certain Christian emperors were therefore happy because they ruled a long time, or dying a peaceful death ... or subdued the enemies of the republic ... But we say that they are happy if they rule justly.† On a biblical context, St. Augustine claimed that rulers can satisfy being just if they are capable of delaying punishment yet are ready to pardon and if they necessitate having to employ such pun ishing act upon the government in favor of defending the republic. In ‘The Republic’, this well coincides with Plato’s argument explicating that the elements namely – reason, appetite, and spirit must consist in justice just as they must in state (Ebenstein & Ebenstein, 1990). According to St. Augustine, two cities emerge out of love of self or the earthly love and love of God or the heavenly love. While the love of self is sought based on the approval of men, regardless of God’s judgment, the love of God exists in an individual who primarily seeks God’s glory despite harsh criticisms by other men. As a consequence, the earthly city is composed of nobilities and subjects that are governed by the exercise of authority where pleasing the state seems to form the sole basis and cause either of anxiety or of contentment among people. In the heavenly city, however, it is the Lord’s command that matters most for the people who fear or delight in following his will. The truth behind divine forces or the ways by which God communicates to men in the city of God may, to a certain extent, raise doubts requiring support via evidences that are less abstract than intangible conviction, Nevertheless, St. Augustine’s proposition quite matches the remarkable portion of world history when kingdoms indeed found triumph over all others because they, rulers and subjects alike, had hopes that rested highly on God’s power to vanquish the enemies. When St. Augustine further elaborates that the absence of human wisdom enables godliness and genuine worship of God in the heavenly city, such idea may be perceived to bear consistent thought and agreement with the conception of justice in state. A godly nation with a just king or emperor discerns justice that places no distinction between the rich and the poor or the strong and the weak, only between right and wrong by sensible law, for by the fundamental meaning of the term, it is intended to be carried out at times unjust situations transpire. With the city of God, this condition especially holds for the Lord is considered the supreme being so that all else under him are made equal with each other in view of justice and its righteous function as God himself exhibits no partiality in rendering proper justice on anyone through Christian faith. Much as St. Augustine distinguished between the two cities with opposing characteristics he more so argued about the two types of man

Science and Religion Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science and Religion Debate - Essay Example Further, as backed philosopher such as Enstein and Aristotle, argued that only two sorts of things could illustrate the starting point of space, time, matter and vitality – either unique protests or brains and abstract articles dont result in impacts, yet psyches do reason impacts. In the film, Craig also asserts that a psyche is the best description for the beginning of the universe because of the outlandish adequacy of science, the underlying structure of nature is numerical – math is material to nature, mathematical items can either be theoretical articles or valuable fiction, either path, and that there is no motivation to want that nature ought to be connected to extract items or fictions. However, people need to understand that a perfect personality that needs people to comprehend nature is a finer demonstration for what we see due to the grandiose tweaking for the presence of wise life. Craig just like Descartes argues that there are two sorts of finely-tuned beg inning conditions because of Cosmological constants amounts which must be set inside a tight go so as to allow shrewd life, demonstrations for this perception and law, risk or configuration. Further, law is rejected on the grounds that they are placed in at the starting or matter – they dont rise up out of make a difference. He challenged Krauss by asserting that the chance must be rejected, in light of the fact that they chances are simply excessively long unless you engage a world-outfit because we dont watch what the world outfit theory predicts that we ought to watch and design is the best illustration for finely-tuned constants and amounts. Therefore, the presence of destination good values and obligations and our knowledge of ethical quality (qualities and obligations) is that it is genuine and occupant on us when somebody goes into a classroom and shoots at guiltless kids, that is impartially off. On naturalism, good values and good obligations

Retelling Experiments H,B,D, Kettlewell's Studies of Industrial Essay

Retelling Experiments H,B,D, Kettlewell's Studies of Industrial Melanism in Peppered Moths - Essay Example Hagen reports further that Kettlewell himself added to the controversies through his defense to these criticisms, sidelining his own singular achievements in these first attempts at understanding survival patterns in the peppered moths. This summary endorses his views tentatively and sets out to describe Kettlewell's experiments in the most likely manner. The papered moth (Biston betularia) is almost a mythical creature in evolutionary biology today because it helped practitioners solve an important mystery in evolution. The moth, an endemic species to Great Britain and other parts of Europe, is known to have existed in three broad phenotypes. Before the industrial revolution of the 19th century the moth, popularly ascribed later as the typical phenotype, had grayish white wings flecked with small dark spots (Hagen, 1999, p. 144). Later on, with the growth of industry and increasing pollution, especially the aerial variety from coal dust in flues, in the surrounding areas this light-winged typical variety became less and less evident and moths with darker wing colors became more manifest. The more frequent appearance of this dark phenotype (Biston carbonaria), especially in wooded regions near industrial areas, raised questions among biologists who sought to explain their strange manifestation. It is significant to note here that the carbonaria has thoroughly dark wings while intermediate varieties with varying degrees of darkness in the wing colors, Biston insularia, have been increasingly observed since the time of Kettlewell's first experiments in an wooded area near the industrial town of Birmingham (Cook and Grant, 2000). The carbonari and insularia phenotypes are popularly known as melanics, because of their darker wings, and they evolve from activation of separate alleles available at the same locus as the typical phenotype gene, construed to be the original one (Cook and Grant, 2000). Kettlewell's Experiment: Before setting out on his first observational experiments in the woods near Birmingham, Kettlewell had already settled upon a theory in explanation of the strange higher incidence of the melanic varieties over the typical ones in that experiment area (Hagen, 1999, p.146). The first experiment here lasted for 11 days. The environment was mixed with birch and oak trees. While the birches had relatively lighter trunk colors the oak trees tended to have trunk colors darkened with soot from the neighboring industrial regions (Hagen, 1999, p. 146). Kettlewell reported all three phenotypes of the moths existing at the site. The typical ones tended to merge with the lighter colored birches while the melanics tended to do so on the darker oak trunks. For Kettlewell, the selection hypothesis suggested that the numbers of melanics would be

Zara: Business Expansion Strategies

Zara: Business Expansion Strategies Executive summary This article examines the case of the Spanish clothing retailer Zara’s experience of and plans for further expansion into Southern and Northern American markets. It argues that given the unique distribution and production functions of the retailer that possible problems exist for continued expansion in the US market. The problems associated with this given the characteristics of local markets and pressures from rival operators’ means that a recommendation is made for an adjusted international strategy for the company despite its broad successes elsewhere globally. Introduction Globalisation has become an essential element of international marketing principles and it has been argued that one of the keys to success in global markets is the effective development and marketing of standardised products and brands (Douglas Wind, 1987). Jay (2000) suggests that the development of international enterprises is as a consequence of reduced barriers for trading due to developments in information technology. Jones (2002) argues that successful international operations are those which integrate and cooperate in business activities across national boundaries. It is clear that the clothing industry is a significant part of the internationalisation process in terms of the critical growth of the clothing retailing sector in global markets and attendant activities such as global sourcing. The international expansion of Zara is led by its parent company Grupo Inditex which is based in Spain and Zara has achieved an impressive annual growth of 26% over the last five years (D’Andrea Arnold, 2002). Based in Spain Zara has grown from 180 stores to 1.080 stores in 33 countries and in 2002 150 stores were added in 9 countries and further expansion has been planned and expected. As the biggest economy in the world the American market is an attractive one for Zara and stores located in New York were announced as being successful indicators towards future market penetration. The huge American market and especially the North American marketplace was highlighted as the next move for the company’s expansion plan yet the diversity in this market and high level of competition creates challenges for continued Zara’s success. Environmental Analysis A clear understanding of the business environment is essential for companies in competing in the global economy. This is particularly important in relation to international strategy. Environmental analysis can be made from both a macro and micro perspective and both the PESTEL and Porter’s industrial analysis are useful instruments of analyses (Johnson Scholes, 2002). PESTEL analyses the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal events that have impacts on a business. Of interest in this case is the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which helped regional economic growth among member countries through eliminating tariffs and government encouragement of foreign direct investment. This creates threats to Zara in terms of an entry model as well as marketing strategy. The American market is highly attractive for multinational companies such as Zara. The US is the number one economy in the world although since the terrorist attacks in 2001 the American economy slowed down accompanied with a reduction in consumer confidence. According to Jobber (2001) where national economic performance and customer confidence is poor consumers will reduce consumption of non essential products. This poses problems for Zara in competing in a highly competitive marketplace where demanding for clothing has decreased. Zara however provides luxury clothing products at a reasonable price which provides the company with competitive advantages in terms of price, quality and brand name. The success of Zara depends on an effective logistics system and it is one of the few companies with in-house design and production enabling them to provide new clothing lines within 15 days instead of the 9 months average lead-in time of the textile and clothing industry. It is fair to say that this logistics system based on information technology and computerized design and production programs enables Zara to maintain competitive advantages over other international competitors. However previous experiences in operating in South America where a complex and large distribution centre was established in order to supply the southern region saw challenges in the integrated supply chain being created. Language as one of the most important elements of culture plays a vital role in shaping international marketing strategy simply because people under different social and cultural environments share different value systems and display varied consumer behaviour (Bradley, 2005). Additionally it is useful to be aware of the new form of political economy which suggests that economic phenomena are highly linked with political issues in that governments seek to use political power to achieve economic benefits (Rugman Hodgetts, 2003). Examples of this can be seen in the increasing role of developing countries in the world economy. In the case of the textile and clothing industry more and more retailers and manufacturers source from lower labour cost developing countries res ulting in significant competitive pressures on Zara which insists on sourcing mainly from Europe and relying on its in-house design and production. Porter (1980) provides a useful framework in understanding the industrial environment in which companies are involved in. The competitive level in an industry shapes a firm’s strategy in competing in its marketplace and in turn this is shaped by the performance of operators within the industry. It is obvious that competition levels are high in both the North and South American marketplace. Zara entered the South American market where American brands such as GAP and the Swedish brand HM were major competitors within the middle clothing market. Similarly buyer power has increased in the modern business environment and Zara needs to effectively satisfy customers globally from different nations and cultural backgrounds. Improvement in US consumer confidence demonstrated in the research creates opportunities for Zara in expanding its market from south to the north (BBC News, 2005). Nevertheless the issue of different supply systems needs to be resolved utilising Zara’s integ rated global supply and logistics chain. The strategic plan to establish a specific supply and distribution centre for the North America market aims to control cost and maintain competitive capabilities in competing with companies from member countries of NAFTA such as Canada and Mexico as well as local players who source from cheaper overseas suppliers. Due to the nature of the clothing retailing industry the diversity of retailing forms in the US is complex including both large numbers as well as different formats for retailers including large retailers, department stores, merchandise shops, small specialty operators and discount stores. There are potential new entrants into this marketplace and hence it is critical for Zara to be aware of the high competition level in the US clothing retailing industry at all levels of the market. Market Segmentation Market segmentation aims to provide relevant information for a basis for the selection of target markets (Bradley, 2005). Zara’s targeted customers are people who seek for higher quality clothing products at reasonable prices. In this case targeted American customers were those who expressed interest in European branded clothes. First of all Zara’s women collection is divided into three categories: Zara Women, Zara Basic and the sporty Trafaluc representing market segments for women who look for a more formal style, younger women for a more informal style and younger women and teenagers while menswear included Men’s Line at Zara, Zara Basics, its club-wear brand 100Zara and Zara Sport (D’Andrea Arnold, 2002). In this sense the general public from all age groups can be seen as potential customers targeted by specific sub-brands of Zara. A second important variable in defining segmentation is based on psychographic characteristics such as lifestyle which wi ll be discussed in detail in the next section (Jobber, 2001). As one of the most famous and successful European brands Zara in its existing south American market targeted people who were especially interested in European styles at affordable price levels. This targeting strategy remained the same for Zara in expanding in the North American marketplace. One definition of consumers suggests that it can be seen as individuals as well as groups of people purchase products or services for personal use, household or gifts. In other words they can be classified as end users of particular products (Solomon et al, 2002). Retailers are situated in the final steps of the distribution chain and are closely linked with end users or customers. Therefore it is useful to look at the concept of consumer behaviour in relation to clothing buying in light of target segmentation strategies pursued by Zara. Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2000) define the initial step of consumption processes as the recognition of needs which can be influenced by various factors such as reference group values, self esteem and external cultural and social value systems. Particularly modern customers have become more sophisticated and learn more from their purchasing experiences with price often deployed as a key indicator as to the quality of goods (Jobber, 2001). This is arguably the case for buying activity in the clothing sector with brand name, price, style as well as quality tending to have important effects on the decision making processes leading to purchasing. According to Entwistle (2000) clothing is not simply about physical garments but takes on a multi-faceted significance where people use fashion to define and negotiate their identity in wider social contexts. Increasing power for consumers enables them to bargain for lower priced clothing yet it remains the case that pure discount on price is not necessarily important for them in make purchasing decisions. This aspect of consumer behaviour offers a useful insight for Zara in establishing its competitive advantages based on an effective logistics and supply chain through ensuring quality with reduced costs matched to a strong brand name. Foxall, Goldsmith and Brown (1998) argue that there are several stages after need recognition leading to final buying activity and as such the co mmunication strategy used to build up effective customer relationships and brand image by clothing retailers is most useful at the early stage in order to have a lasting impact on purchasing decisions. In this retail context women are suggested to constitute a major proportion of consumers (Domosh, 1996). Particularly women are more involved in both social and economic life functions which results in increasing demands on fashion in terms of style and self identity. Additionally a determinant of the degree to which customers evaluate a brand is the level of involvement with high involvement meaning extensive evaluation of the product and/or alternatives (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 1989). For clothing products the degree of involvement is suggested as being typically medium to high (Breward, 2000). Bearing in mind the concept of involvement and the role of women in purchasing Zara used a suite of effective marketing tools in maintaining customer loyalty through providing value added clothing relevant to identified market preferences. This is because in terms of fashion a stylish and sophisticated brand image in terms of trends, styles and tastes is a key success factor in building a b rand name for a retailer such as Zara. Similarly effectively maintaining customer loyalty in terms of repeat buying is a major contributor to successfully expanding its market share in the US market. Marketing Strategy Analysis and Evaluation Based on its successful experience in operating in New York Zara pursued a strategic market expansion strategy in order to maintain organisational growth in terms of market share and the accruement of financial benefits. The establishment of a distribution centre in the outskirts of Buenos Aires enabled Zara supply the southern region as well as played a strategic role in supplying the new northern market (D’Andrea Arnold, 2002). With Zara being one of the few companies utilising in-house design and production meant sourcing locally was its main strategy rather than switching to overseas suppliers. This strategic choice did enhance the competitive capabilities of Zara in terms of short lead time and effective logistics control but added to pressure from competitors who sourced abroad resulting in competitive pricing in the middle market by rivals such as HM and GAP. In addition in considering an integrated supply chain the distribution centre to some extent caused inefficiencies in the overall system in that decisions on the choice of local manufacturers had been made difficult due to the closure of American textile and clothing manufacturers who moved production lines to Asia. As such the market expansions strategy remains unclear in terms of it achieving growth based on effective franchises rather than through adding new stores and entering new markets. This can be said to be especially the case for the North American market. Although the market size is large and entry barriers are low due to the cultural differences between south and north US regions means significant attention must be paid to the marketing mix in order to achieve synergy from integration. Life styles are different in North and South America hence the branding strategy used by Zara is essential in differentiating itself with both from existing rivals and attracting new custom ers within each of the respective markets. Evaluation of marketing mix In the context of international market and keeping in mind different macro and micro environmental conditions an international marketing mix needs to be varied from one context to another (Keegan Green, 2003). Based on the branding marketing mix strategies it is of importance to look at international marketing models in the North American market considering different operational environments and different consumer behaviour in southern and northern markets. Product and brand The term product not only refers to tangible goods but also entails intangible attributes such as customer service and brand name (Keegan Green, 2003). As a retailer Zara provides a similar range of products in both the southern and northern markets in the US as those provided in its domestic market. However the intangible resource which Zara as a strong brand in New York occupying the middle fashion market appears to be less visible more broadly in the North American markets in comparison with the national brand image of GAP. Traditionally the brand image of Zara as a retailer is one targeted on middle income consumers seeking high fashion styles at reasonable prices. As a result of successful operation in the EU market as well as Asian and South American markets Zara was able to create a strong brand image in the middle fashion market in order to compete with GAP and HM who are also two major operators in the wider global market. Price Price is argued as being an important indicator for customers in evaluating the quality of products and within the clothing sector this also holds true (Easey, 2002). The price mix deployed in the US market is double that found in its domestic region in Spain due to higher operational cost and higher labour costs. It has been suggested that the clothing industry is labour intensive and that effective human resource management strategy contributes in a key manner to effective cost control and in turn allow for competitive pricing in the market (Jones, 2002). As a result the operational strategy employed by Zara has been consistently challenged by competitive pricing from competitors who source from cheaper developing countries. As a result the efficacy of an integrated logistics and supply chain can be questioned along with the ability of maintaining this over the long term given the diversity and complexity of the clothing manufacturing industry in the US. In sum Zara’s operat ion in international markets appears to be experiencing rapid growth in terms of new branches and improving sales and profit but longer term challenges need to be addressed as a priority. Easey (2002) argues that pricing regimes for clothing products may need to change depending on different characteristics in each national market but that communication and management of these changes need to be directed from a strategic level. Communication An integrated communication strategy is an important part of the marketing mix within a branding strategy framework. This seems to be even more essential in the clothing retailing industrial context involving the use of celebrities as a critical communication tool in communicating with customers. For Blythe (2000) marketing communications objectives are created in order to develop a customer base and improve sales through increasing both new and existing customers’ expenditure on a brand’s products. However Zara has rarely exploited advertising campaigns except in the case of its launch of two main product ranges occurring seasonally each year. This can help explain its low brand awareness in the North American market which is a threat to successful entry into this marketplace. Additionally visual merchandising such as store design and layout has become widely regarded as important communication tools with consumers (Lea-Greenwood, 2002). In the case of Zara store design such as clear lighting, white walls and ceiling and style-related decorations such as photographs were deployed in order to create an elegant atmosphere emphasising a brand image reflecting European trends. Likewise employee uniforms helped Zara maintain a visual and physical presence of the brand image and helped in communicating with customers and needed only minor adjustments between southern and northern stores. It is believed that the format and experience of a trading environment particularly in clothing retailing interacts closely with merchandise, customer service and the success of communications strategies (Walters Hanrahan, 2000). It can be argued that the communication strategy used by Zara is effective in terms of communicative effects and of a lower cost than its competitors. On the other hand establishing a significant nationwide presence in North America may require either a large expenditure on a celebrity endorsed campaign or the ef fective use of novel techniques such as viral marketing. Distribution The distribution channel is the network which links producers with users yet international distribution strategies are difficult to manage since distribution structures differ from one country to the next (Keegan Green, 2003). For Zara the US market presents unique challenges. As mentioned earlier the closure of US local manufacturers and moves to Asian manufacturing operations poses major threats to Zara which traditionally exploits local sources in supporting its in house design and production. Due to the highly fragmented nature of fashion retailing it is vital for Zara to differentiate itself from other competitors during its entry stage into the North American market. In considering these difficulties in enter this market and the different cultural backgrounds involved Zara pursued an organic growth in terms of opening stores in its expansion. This is because a strong financial background based on its successful operation both in New York and support from its parent company Grupo Inditex allowed for a longer term fiscal view to be taken. However the use of English in the US market is likely to present challenges for the Spanish company but successful international human resource management should counter this and lead to successful implementation of its strategic expansion plans. Figure 1: Global Retailing Market Entry Strategy Framework Source: Horovitz, J. Kumar, N. (1998) Strategies for Retail Globalization, London UK, Financial Times. Conclusion In order to maintain organizational growth Zara employed an aggressive expansion strategy in responding to internationalisation and globalisation. Research demonstrates that a strong global brand name is one of the most vital elements contributing to the success of international operations (Wigley et al, 2005). However a key consideration is cultural influences which have shaped international marketing strategies for Zara in the US market. An international marketing strategy to some degree remains the same as strategies used in other markets satisfy targeted customer groups effectively. However because of local differences and consumer complexity in the American market adjustments were used such as the establishment of a dedicated distribution centre for the American market. Recommendations The marketing mix used by Zara in the US market has been more effective in New York than in other locations. Brand name is a significant part of product concept hence it is useful for Zara to cooperate with local fashion magazines in conducting magazine campaigns in order to improve brand awareness at the market entry stage. Lea-Greenwood’s (2002) suggestion that the communication process involves three key participants namely sender, message and receiver must be added to in the sense that practical contexts of business operations in the clothing retailing sector makes this model more complex due to changing forces in the external environment such as developments in media technology and changing characteristics/preferences of consumers. This is also of particular importance in international markets as different cultural and social backgrounds have substantial impacts on consumer behaviour as well as effective communication models. Secondly higher costs resulted in higher prices for Zara in these locations. This phenomenon is able to generate potential risks to its brand image of quality clothing products at reasonable prices. It is undoubted that in house design and local sourcing provides Zara with competitive advantages such as short lead times and high response rates to clothing trends but an awareness of local characteristics in the marketplace is essential. In the case of international expansion currency rates have a major impact on operational and labour costs. In turn competitiveness on price might be eliminated because of pressures from competitors who are able to provide even cheaper but goods which are of high quality. As Jones (2002) highlights global sourcing is a key trend and will continue to be so due to globalisation. Although sourcing abroad raises concerns on supply chain related risks which are often called the Iceberg theory it is imperative that Zara be aware of the significant advantages of sourcing from countries with lower labour costs especially given that quality levels have improved (Jackson Shaw, 2001). With the North American market there were difficulties for Zara in maintaining its famous on an in house production model simply because of a lack of local suppliers and manufacturers. Additionally labour costs in America are considerably higher compared to its operation in Europe. It is hard for Zara then to enjoy cost advantages offered by Eastern European countries as well as cheap domestic cost in Spain (Jones, 2002). The suggestion here is to consider expanding operations to Mexico which is comparably cheaper than the US yet offers a distribution channel to the North American market. The establishment of a distribution centre in Mexico is more likely to be cost effective rather th an building specific manufacturing factories in order to supply the North American market. References BBC News (2005) US Consumer Confidence on the Up, BBC News, December 28th, available from:Â  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4564766.stm> Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. Engel, J.F. (2000) Consumer Behaviour, USA, Dryden. Bradley, F. (2005) International Marketing Strategy 5th edition, Harlow UK, FT Prentice Hall. Breward, C. (2000) Cultures, Identities, Histories: Fashioning a Cultural Approach to Dress, in White, N. Griffiths, I. (eds) The Fashion Business: Theory, Practice, Image, Oxford New York, Berg. D’Andrea, G. Arnold, D. (2002) Zara, Harvard Business School, January 30. Domosh, M. (1996) The Feminized Retail Landscape: Gender, Ideology and Consumer Culture in 19th Century New York City, in Lowe, M. and Wrigley, N. (eds) Retailing, Consumption and Capital, UK, Longman Group Limited. Douglas, S.P. Wind, Y. (1987) The Myth of Globalisation, Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 22. Easey, M. (2002) Fashion Marketing 2nd edition, Oxford UK, Blackwell Publishing. Entwistle, J. (2000) The Fashioned Body, Cambridge UK, Polity Press. Foxall, G.R., Goldsmith, R.E. Brown, S. (1998) Consumer Psychology for marketing 2nd edition, London UK, Thomson Business Press. Hawkins, D.I., Best, R.J. Coney, K.A. (1989) Consumer Behaviour: Implications for Marketing Strategy, Boston USA, Mass. Hesmondhalgh, D. (2002) The Cultural Industries, London UK, Sage. Horovitz, J. Kumar, N. (1998) Strategies for Retail Globalization, London UK, Financial Times. Jay, P. (2000) The Road to Riches, London, Weidenfield and Nicholson. Jackson, T. Shaw, D. (2001) Mastering Fashion Buying Merchandising Management, Basingstoke, Palgrave Jobber, D. (2001) Principles Practice of Marketing 3rd edition, London UK, McGraw-Hill. Johnson, G. Scholes, K. (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases 6th edition, London UK, FT Prentice Hall. Jones, R.M. (2002) The Apparel Industry, Oxford UK, Blackwell Publishing. Keegan, W.J. Green M.C. (2003) Global Marketing 3rd edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Lea-Greenwood, G. (2002) Fashion Marketing Communication, in Easey , M. (ed) Fashion Marketing 2nd edition, Oxford UK, Blackwell Publishing. Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York USA, The Free Press. Rugman, A.M. Hodgetts, R.M. (2003) International Business 3rd edition, Harlow UK, FT Prentice Hall. Singleton, J. (1997) The World Textile Industry, London UK, Routledge. Solomon, M., Bamossy, G. Askegaard, S. (2002) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective, Harlow England, FT Prentice Hall. Walters, D. Hanrahan J. (2000) Retail Strategy: Planning and Control, London UK, MacMillan Business. Wigley, S.M., Moore, C.M. Birtwistle, G. (2005) Product and Brand: Critical Success Factors in the Internationalisation of a Fashion Retailer, Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 33 No. 7.

Ageism In Playboy :: essays research papers

Ageism in Playboy Definitions: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Content analysis is the process of picking apart and closely observing a subject matter. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ageism is the discrimination of people based on their age. Hypothesis: That I will find no women over the age 30 pictured in an issue of Playboy Magazine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper I plan to prove that the hypothesis stated above is true because in society youth is considered a both beautiful and desirable quality to posses. Because Playboy Magazine is a popular magazine aimed at male readers, and because this magazine uses both youth and beauty to sell itself, it could be concluded that men desire female images that manifest beauty in youth. I chose to look at Playboy because Playboy’s interest is to sell magazines that satisfy the desires of males. Why does Playboy satisfy the desires of males? It is because in their magazines women between the ages of 18 and 29 are featured nude displaying the youth that their bodies posses. I chose to test this hypothesis by looking at Playboy’s 1997 January issue and reading the descriptions of the models such as their height, weight, bust, hips, and most importantly age. This particular issue happened to have all models in the running for Playmate of the Year so I had 12 sub jects to observe. If this hypothesis holds true, then the real underlying question will surface: What makes youth beautiful? My hypothesis was proven true to a certain point. As I thumbed through the twelve models in the running for Playmate of the year, as I suspected, none of the models were over the age of 30. The oldest of the 12 models was age 26. However, my hypothesis stated that I would not find any women in an entire issue of Playboy, not just the models. On page 51 of the 1997 January issue was and interview featuring Whoopi Goldberg. There was not one, not two, but three photographs of the 41-year-old actress. In this entire issue of Playboy, there was a woman over the age of 30; thus my hypothesis was proven wrong. However, I still conclude that ageism still existed in this issue of Playboy Magazine. Why? The answer is because no models over the age of 30 had been chosen to appear nude in this issue. I believe it is because Playboy wants to portray youth as beautiful to its selected reader. The firm bodies and youthful smiles of women under the age of thirty is what Playboy’s editors con sider beautiful.

Listing Securities

Listing of Securities Chapter Objectives ? To understand the concept of listing of securities ? To know the criteria for listing shares ? To learn the listing procedure ? To understand the concept of delisting Concept of Listing of Securities ?It means the admission of shares of a public limited company on the stock exchange for the purpose of trading. ?A company intending to have its shares listed on the stock exchange has to write an application to one or more recognised stock exchanges. ?A company becomes qualified to list its shares after getting the prior permission from the stock exchange. Some of the advantages of listing of securities are: ? Liquidity Best prices Wide publicity ? Some disadvantages of listing of securities are: ? Subjected to various regulatory measures ? Expensive exercise Criteria for Listing A company that wants its securities to be listed in the stock exchange has to fulfil certain minimum requirements, such as: ? Minimum issued capital: A company shoul d have minimum issued capital of Rs. 3 crores and the minimum public offer must be of Rs. 75 lakhs. ?Listing on multiple exchanges: It is essential for a company to get listed in the stock exchange if its paid up capital is above Rs. crores. ?Number of shareholders: A company must have a minimum ten shareholders. ?Articles of Association: The Articles of Association must be prepared in line with the sound corporate practice of a company. ?Advertisement: A company during the subscription period must not advertise by thanking the public for their overwhelming response. ?Applying mode: A company must issue a prospectus, which provides information on how the investor should apply for the shares. ?Public offer size: A company, in the first page of the prospectus must state the size of the public offer and the value of shares. Listing ProcedureTo get the listing permission from the stock exchange, a company has to undertake the following steps: ?Preliminary discussion: A company must have a detailed discussion with the authorities of the stock exchange in order to acquire complete knowledge about the various formalities to be completed for listing of securities. ?Articles of Association approval: A company must fulfil the following requirements in order to get the Articles of Association approved by the stock exchange authorities: ?It must use a common form of transfer. ?In case of distributing dividends, it must comply with Section 205-A f the Companies Act. ?The free dealing of shares must not be restricted by any provision. ?Draft prospectus approval: It is very essential for a company to get its draft prospectus approved from the stock exchange authorities. A prospectus must contain all the information required by the stock exchange. Listing Application ?A company that wants to offer its shares through the prospectus must file an application to the stock exchange. ?A company has to file following certificates alongwith the prospectus: ?Three certified copies of the memorandum and articles of association, and debenture trust deed. A copy of every report, balance sheet, valuation, court order, etc. as specified in the prospectus. ?Certified copies of underwriting, brokerage and sales managers’ agreement. ?Copies of agreements with the financial institutions. Listing Fee ?It is a fee charged by the stock exchange from the company for permitting the company’s securities to be traded in the exchange. ?It varies from major stock exchanges to regional stock exchanges. ?It also varies due to the equity base of the company. Listing of Right Shares A company has to fulfil certain formalities in case of isting right shares in the stock exchange, such as: ? ? ? ? ? A company must inform the stock exchange about the date of meeting with the Board of Directors for considering the proposal of listing right shares. A company must obtain the consent of the shareholders by passing on a special resolution. A company must file a letter of offer that provides the financial information about the current market price of the share. A company must file a letter of offer within six weeks. A company must file a specimen copy of the offer letter to the stock exchange. Delisting It is the removal of a company’s shares from the listing in the stock exchange. ? Delisting can be of two types: ? Compulsory: The causes for compulsory delisting are as follows: ? Non-payment of the listing fee ? Non-redressal of grievances ? Unfair trade practices carried on by the managers ? Voluntary: The causes for voluntary delisting are as follows: ? ? ? Business suspended Mergers and takeovers Small capital base Chapter Summary By now, you should have: ? Understood the concept of listing of securities ? Learnt the procedure of listing of securities ? Understood the concept of delisting

Critical Evaluation of Romeo and Juliet By Baz Luhrmann Essay Example

Critical Evaluation of Romeo and Juliet By Baz Luhrmann Essay Example Critical Evaluation of Romeo and Juliet By Baz Luhrmann Paper Critical Evaluation of Romeo and Juliet By Baz Luhrmann Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet directed by Baz Luhrmann is possibly the most famous love story of all time about the two star crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet. Luhrmann had the task of remaking the classic play, written by the even more famous William Shakespeare, into a film that would appeal to a younger audience despite the Shakespearian language. Due to the language in the film, Luhrmann has to use many different techniques to help the audience understand what is happening or to help them relate to the story. The film is set in a fictitious city that is meant to be Verona in Italy but it looks more like a larger American city. This helps younger viewers relate to the film as many of them will live in large cities themselves. The most basic way of Luhrmann showing how different the Montagues and Capulets were was their race. The Montagues are white Americans and the Capulets are Hispanic, from a southern American country. This immediately tells the audience that the families are different and that racism may play a large part in the story. Also, he shows the families are different by the way they dress, the Montagues dress like surfers, very casually with shorts and shirts with bright colours where as the Capulets dress formally wearing smart trousers and shirts with blank blazers. Although the families have their distinctive dress senses Romeo and Juliet both dress differently. When the audience first sees Romeo he is not dressed in beachwear, he is dressed formally. This shows that he is not like the rest of his family. Juliet also dresses differently; she is always seen in white to signify her pure and angelic form. She changes from white to black later on in the film, this is when she realises she is alone and she isnt like her family even if she wants to be. Her family disown her when she expresses her distress at the thought of having to marry Paris as she secretly loves Romeo. Another even more important way that Luhrmann shows Juliet is different is that she is white while her family are Hispanic. Another way Luhrmann gets round the difficult language of the film is by his use of casting. The two family leaders Lord Capulet and Lord Montague, played by Paul Sorvino and Brian Dennehy respectively have played many roles as gangsters. This gives the audience the right impression of them, nasty and unfriendly characters. Luhrmann also recruited Leonardo Di-Caprio, voted The Most Handsome Peron on the Planet who had a huge fan base before Romeo and Juliet so many of his young female fans would go to see the film just to see him. It would also make the film more enjoyable for them. Claire Danes was chosen to play the part of Juliet because she is pretty but not glamorous and this would make girls think that they dont have to be perfect to find a boyfriend. She had also never had a major role in a film before so this would mean she would not bring any past roles into the film which would damage her credibility as the angelic Juliet. Luhrmann made some questionable decisions whilst making Romeo and Juliet like setting it in modern times and keeping the Shakespearian language, another was choosing to introduce drugs into the film. Romeo takes an ecstasy tablet before the party but he sincerely regretted it after as it ruined his party. He took the ecstasy because Mercutio gave him it and through a mix of peer pressure and not wanting to offend Mercutio he takes the drug. Luhrmann is critical and makes a bad impression of them in the hope that some people will be deterred by the way Romeos party is ruined by drugs. Drugs is a major issue in modern days so this is yet another way in which some of the audience can relate to the film as some people may have had experiences with drugs and need to deal with them. Luhrmanns use of the music in the film is very helpful for people who cant understand the language of the film. The film starts with a lot of action and confrontations so the music is frantic and sounds like western cowboy-showdown music. By contrast, the first time the audience meets Romeo the music is very calm and soothing to show Romeo is very mellow and not looking for trouble or fights. The music also helps people know if something bad is going to happen. For example when Romeo and Juliet marry the music is happy and merry but for the next scene it changes to very deep and dramatic music, this is just before Mercutio is killed. When Romeo and Juliet realise they can never be the music changes to sad music. Some people may not have caught on to what was happening without the music but it changes effectively to show they can never be together. In conclusion, Luhrmanns techniques of producing a Romeo and Juliet film that appeals to a young audience were somewhat successful. Although the Shakespearian language is very difficult to understand at times young viewers still watch and enjoy the film.

Excellent paper writing is real with us!

Excellent paper writing is real with us! Writing an Excellent Paper – You Need a Blueprint Constructing a bridge without a blueprint would constitute stupidity, because it would result in a faulty structure that would probably fail. And making an attempt at writing a paper without a blueprint that outlines the steps is just as ridiculous. Just as a blueprint guides a construction crew through a step-by-step process, so does one for construction of a scholarly research paper. You can’t skip any of the steps and still expect an excellent result. Step One: Pick your topic. While this may seem like an easy step, you may actually end up feeling like Goldilocks in the home of the three bears. One will be too broad and another will be too narrow. You will have to find one that is â€Å"just fight† for the length parameters your instructor has given. One way to do this is to take a look at sample papers on the internet, in your broader content area, that meet the breadth and depth of what you need and that interests you. And do pick a topic you like – the entire production process will be drudgery if you don’t. Step Two: The research. Your search for appropriate resources can begin on the Internet, using specific keywords related to our topic.  Now here is the thing about resources. Your instructor or professor will want a variety – one or two books, two-three journal articles, and the perhaps one or two sources solely available on the Internet. You will not have a problem finding resource titles, but you do have to sort the â€Å"junk† from the respected sources. Check out the authors of any source you are considering, so that you know they have credentials to be considered authorities on the topic. Since most campus libraries are online, a lot of current resources are accessible from your home or dorm room, but you may have to actually enter the structure and check out a book or two! Be careful as you take notes, so that you have your resource information included for citation later on. And, if you have a good app for doing so, you can organize your notes by sub-topic, and the combining of different resources on one sub-topic is done for you. If you are unsure about sub-topics to include again, look at a sample paper or two online, and see what sub-topics others have used. Step Three: Get a thesis. What is the purpose for you writing this paper? If your writing paper assignment is to persuade, then you probably already have a thesis – your opinion. But, once the research is done, what do you see as important for a reader to learn about this topic? If you are writing about artificial intelligence, for example, what are the great benefits and what are the potential dangers? If you are writing about the Vietnam War, was it worth the cost in lives and money? You need to make a point with your paper, and your thesis statement comes from your response and your reaction to what you have researched. Step Four: Paper writing cannot begin until you have the most important part of your blueprint in place – your outline. Now, this does not have to be a formal one. In fact, remember how your organized those subtopics? They really are the basis for your organizational structure, so look at them and determine the sequence in which they should be presented. Now, take each sub-topic and read through the information and/or data from your research. Combine pieces of information that are related, and these â€Å"sub-sub topics† will be your paragraphs for that section of your paper. Step Five: The writing. You’re now ready to write the rough draft of the body of your paper. Be considerate of your reader, and use headings for each sub-topic – it keeps his/her thoughts organized (and your professor will be impressed). If you have not yet bought a style-check app, you should do so. It does much more than just a simple Word grammar check, and it will help you â€Å"clean-up† all those poorly structured sentences as you write. Here’s a few other tips for your writing: Don’t use a vocabulary that is â€Å"beyond your years,† and don’t try to impress with lengthy and highly complex sentences. Pretend that you are writing this paper for a fellow student. So, if there are terms that are not commonly known, define them. Don’t use slang and jargon unless it is in a quote. Don’t use contractions as I am using here! They are not appropriate in formal writing. Limit the direct quotes you use to those that are really impactful. Step Six: The Final Draft. Editing and proofreading is a task best accomplished in two ways. If you are doing your own proofreading, put the paper aside for at least 12 hours and do something else (like sleep). This will allow you to be more objective when you do review it. The other and better option is to have someone else review it – you can trade-off with another student and edit each other’s papers, if you are both pretty good writers. The paper has to flow logically, and someone else will pick up issues with coherence that you will not. Step Seven: The Style Format. Your in-text and end-of-text citations must be according to the required style, so do not get sloppy with this. And be certain that your title page, pagination, font, margins, etc. are in compliance. It’s those little things that keep a professor happy! A paper that is worthy of a good grade can only be produced by using all of these steps. You really cannot â€Å"cut corners,† and that is why paper writing consumes so much time. If you don’t have the time or if you really dislike your topic, you will not prepare a scholarly piece of writing. In these instances, you are probably better served contacting a custom paper writing service and getting some help.

Becoming a teacher of English in Thailand Essay

Becoming a teacher of English in Thailand - Essay Example Even the globalization has filed to make any huge impact on Thai people’s attitude towards English. English is not recognized as a status symbol in Thailand and hence it is not a compulsory subject in Thai schools. This article also provides a research study about the lives and careers of the Thai teachers of English. The research has been conducted through interview methods and the researchers interviewed seven Thai English teacher for around 3.5 hours to collect data. The research has shown that the experience of schooling has an immensely powerful effect on children, for better or worse, and that often these effects last well into later life. The research also revealed that positive experiences not only make schooling enjoyable in its own right but can often plant the seeds which lead children at school to consider teaching as a career in later life. Active teaching styles of the Thai English teachers also influenced the interviewees to opt for selecting teaching English as their career. Social, cultural and family reasons also forced these teachers to select their teaching career. (Hayes, n.d) Teaching is a stable profession with job security in a world where the changing trends in business has resulted in many people losing their jobs. The current economic crisis has affected millions of peoples around the world and many people are living in anxiety or fear of losing their jobs. But teaching is found to be one profession which is not affected by the current crisis. Nobody can underestimate the value of teaching even in a crisis scenario and hence teaching is supposed to be one of the most reputed professions in the world. As government servants, teachers had considerable job security and other benefits, which were emphasized nursing or teaching, seemed to be the choices for those who wished to continue their education close to home (Maum, 2002) â€Å"Many non-native-English-speaking teachers (NNESTs),

Rhetorical analysis of Mary Ewalds letter to President Saddam Hussein Essay

Rhetorical analysis of Mary Ewalds letter to President Saddam Hussein - Essay Example Mary’s approached Saddam in her letter as a mother, scholar and poet who is a friend to the Arabs. If one will notice, there were no blaming or questioning made why Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait or any venting of any anger why Thomas was abducted. But rather made the appeal on an emotional level to avoid antagonizing Saddam that would hinder the release of Thomas Ewald. The approach as a mother and a friend of the Arabs makes a good case to pursue an emotional appeal or pathos to convince the Iraqi President to release Thomas Ewald. And to make her persuasion more effective, Mary first established her credential or ethos as somebody who is well verse and a friend to the Arab by mentioning that her â€Å"family has been a staunch friend to the Arabs. [Her] husband, Tom's father, was on the White House Staff when President Eisenhower caused the French, British, and Israelis to pull out of Suez. President of the Radcliffe (Harvard) Club of Washington, arranged to explain Muslim culture. [She was] also a poet who has written about Arabia†. This use of ethos was written with an understanding of Arab culture, particularly of Arab generosity to recognize the power of Saddam over his son and to exercise that power to right the wrong. This portion of the letter was also short of saying that Saddam’s army abducted a friend of the Arabs and therefore should be released. After establishing ethos or credibility with Saddam as a friend of the Arabs who knows their generosity, she then proceeded with her emotional appeal whose use became more effective. The pathos or emotional appeal littered the letter and was very obvious in the mention that Thomas Ewald is a well-loved son who worked in Arab country to bring peace within the two cultures. She also invoked mercy that her son Thomas is asthmatic, so severely crippled as a child that they thought they could never raise him. Using this approach, it would be very difficult to refuse her because everybody regardless of their cultural background or station in life everyone received love and care from their mother and refusing her is like refusing one’s mother which is very difficult to do. This letter was just heart wrenching for its audience to read which in this case was the former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein because she introduced herself as a friend and that her son, supposed to be friend too among Arabs who value family relations so much, was wrongly abducted during the invasion. She then begged for his generosity and in the name of Allah to release her son. It would be very hard to refuse a mother who does not coerce what he has done nor asked for anything except for the release of her son especially when she recognize and beseeched in the name of Allah. She was also appealing based on the universal sense of humanity as a mother to a father when she stressed that she is

Compare and contrast two business case studies Essay

Compare and contrast two business case studies - Essay Example Tesco’s great number of manpower and its powerful marketing strategy are the underlying strengths that make it dominant in its specified area of business. (ivythesis.typepad.com, 2011) Eden project aim is to promote the understanding and responsible management of vital relationship between plants and resources. The site covers 50 hectares and could hold 35 football pitches. The biomes are not covered y glass but in EFTE, a transparent high tech foil, contain more than 100000 plants from 5000 species. ? 86 million has been spent to autumn 2002. Staff almost doubled by 2002 to 650. The site has attracted over two million visitors in less than two years a benefit of ? billion to the Cornish economy is predicted for the period 2001-2011.The project was a brain child of a former record producer Tim Smith who started to formulate the idea when driving around the abandoned china clay pit just outside St Austell has become home to the largest conservatories (‘Biomes ‘Peter Long, 2004 p 824). The iconic build began in Cornwall in 1998 and was officially opened in March 2001; they had planned for 750000 visitors in the first 12 months instead 1.9 Million people made their way to former china clay Pit in England most Westerly County. Eden Project has given a huge boost to Cornwall’s economy creating more than 400 Jobs. ... One out of every three pounds spent in a supermarket goes to Tesco. It is the Britain’s biggest private employer with a workforce of 260,000 employees. (Poulter S 2005) In order to achieve steering- wheel -targets, Tesco’s HR strategy revolves around work simplification, performance management, challenging unwritten rules and rolling out core skills to all head office employees. This clearly highlights how business measures at Tesco are closely linked to performance management. Although the frontline employees are considered to be Tesco’s reflection to its customers, all employees have vital roles to play in achieving the organizations goals. This is done through an innovative induction programme that caters for styles of learning, different cultures and varying work commitments which ensures that every employee clearly understands his or her individual role in contributing to Tesco’s core values and purposes. Tesco ensures that employees understand how th eir actions affects the big ‘picture’ of the overall business by providing continuous training that creates a graphical journey through Tesco’s history, its values, core purpose, business goals, financial aims, commitment to customers and the marketing strategy. In order to keep lead over its rivals in the fiercely-competitive UK supermarket sector, Tesco has adopted a human-resource-led business strategy. The strategic policy started in the company’s supermarkets with an aim of improving customers’ service by freeing up stores employees. Tesco concentrates on clear definition of employees’ roles, activities and responsibilities to ensure that employees are accountable, responsible, consulted and informed. 13 key management techniques are